{"id":6055,"date":"2026-01-21T12:04:12","date_gmt":"2026-01-21T12:04:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/izvestiyakbncran.ru\/?page_id=6055"},"modified":"2026-06-02T10:31:06","modified_gmt":"2026-06-02T09:31:06","slug":"27-6-11-en","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/izvestiyakbncran.ru\/index.php\/en\/27-6-11-en\/","title":{"rendered":"27.6.11 En"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading has-lora-font-family\" style=\"font-size:22px\"><strong>Logical and mathematical interpretation of decisions of intelligent agents<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-foreground-color has-text-color has-link-color has-lora-font-family has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-22a6f8fd76d6102db7b436962ba21bd1 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0\"><strong>L.A. Lyutikova, M.S. Kochkarova<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-vertical is-content-justification-left is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-20193d73 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"border-style:none;border-width:0px;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-lora-font-family wp-elements-1934a6274ad67c2dd8d97ce7471e2bbb wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#5b1919;font-size:12px;text-decoration:underline\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-horizontal is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-9076828a wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"min-height:0px;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-left is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-856cf56e wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button has-custom-width wp-block-button__width-100 is-style-outline is-style-outline--1\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-background-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color has-border-color has-custom-font-size wp-element-button\" href=\"http:\/\/izvestiyakbncran.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/11-lyutikova-kochkarova.pdf\" style=\"border-color:#5b1919;border-style:solid;border-width:2px;border-radius:8px;color:#5b1919;padding-top:0.4rem;padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:0.4rem;padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);font-size:12px\">PDF<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:0px;width:0px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer wp-container-content-273e683f\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button has-custom-width wp-block-button__width-100 is-style-outline is-style-outline--2\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-background-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color has-border-color has-text-align-center has-custom-font-size wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/journals.rcsi.science\/1991-6639\/article\/xml\/378581\" style=\"border-color:#5b1919;border-width:2px;border-top-left-radius:8px;border-top-right-radius:8px;border-bottom-left-radius:8px;border-bottom-right-radius:8px;color:#5b1919;padding-top:0.4rem;padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:0.4rem;padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);font-size:12px\">JATS XML<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-lora-font-family has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-41ee428b6a5740c7f514a7432ff786a3 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"border-style:none;border-width:0px;border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;color:#5b1919;margin-top:0;margin-right:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\"><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-foreground-color has-text-color has-link-color has-lora-font-family has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-afd134af563f9c473c0fe7f5d03c18bd wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"line-height:1.4\"><em><strong><strong>Abstract<\/strong><\/strong>. <\/em>Modern cybersecurity systems are faced with increasingly complex network architectures and a growing diversity of attack vectors. In this context, the ability of intelligent systems not only to effectively detect threats but also to rationalize their decisions is becoming increasingly important.<br><strong>\u0410im<\/strong>. The work is to develop and experimentally verify a model of an RL agent capable of making decisions in a network environment, interpreted in terms of temporal and epistemic logic.<br><strong>Results<\/strong>. This paper presents a formal approach to developing explainable reinforcement learning (XRL) for cybersecurity problems. This approach includes developing a mathematical model of an intelligent agent capable of detecting anomalies in network traffic and making decisions under uncertainty. A method for interpreting agent strategies is proposed, based on the use of linear temporal logic (LTL) and epistemic logic (EL), which ensures transparency, formal verifiability, and explainability of system behavior. It is demonstrated that the logical and mathematical interpretation of learned policies enables a transition from empirical dependencies to formalizable properties of security, liveness, and causality, thereby increasing the trust and reliability of cybersecurity systems. A computational experiment confirms the effectiveness of the proposed approach: anomaly detection accuracy reaches 94\u201396%, and the average response latency is less than 0.3 seconds.<br><strong>Conclusion<\/strong>. The obtained results demonstrate the model&#8217;s high applicability for constructing explainable, verifiable, and resilient cybersecurity systems, and also demonstrate that logical interpretation of strategies contributes to increased decision transparency and strengthens trust in intelligent information security systems. The experiment demonstrate that the agent is capable of achieving high threat detection accuracy with short response times, and the resulting logical formulas successfully pass specification feasibility checks. This confirms that logical interpretation of strategies increases the transparency and trust in the decisions of intelligent systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-foreground-color has-text-color has-link-color has-lora-font-family has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-df03325adc83c022634de6b79d43432f wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"line-height:1.4\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-foreground-color has-text-color has-link-color has-lora-font-family has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-3bec03563e9ccbf7e11190ab07e3fc56 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"line-height:1.4\"><strong><em><strong>Keywords<\/strong><\/em><\/strong><em>:<\/em> model, interpretation, logical analysis, reinforcement learning, agent, explainable artificial intelligence<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-foreground-color has-text-color has-link-color has-lora-font-family has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-df03325adc83c022634de6b79d43432f wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"line-height:1.4\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-foreground-color has-text-color has-link-color has-lora-font-family wp-elements-05f269e1aad35dfd3a5f87685f1d7582 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:1.4\"><strong><strong>For citation<\/strong>.<\/strong> Lyutikova L.A., Kochkarova M.S. Logical and mathematical interpretation of decisions of intelligent agents. <em>News of the Kabardino-Balkarian Scientific Center of RAS<\/em>. 2025. Vol. 27. No. 6. Pp. 125\u2013134. DOI: 10.35330\/1991-6639-2025-27-6-125-134<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-foreground-color has-text-color has-link-color has-lora-font-family wp-elements-17c3333a0b1db39b7fa4a3e1a1572bc4 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:1.4\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details has-foreground-color has-text-color has-link-color has-lora-font-family has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-358464431e9ecd2fb27c71fd33d9a1fd is-layout-flow wp-container-core-details-is-layout-f488f964 wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\" style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:700;line-height:1.5\"><summary><strong>R<\/strong>eferences<\/summary>\n<ol style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:400\">Sutton R.S., Barto A.G. Reinforcement learning: an introduction. 2nd ed. MIT Press, 2020.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:400\">Rybakov V.V. Intransitive linear temporal logic, knowledge from past, decidability, admissible rules. arXiv preprint arXiv: 1503.08761. 2015.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:400\">Doshi-Velez F., Kim B. Towards a rigorous science of interpretable machine learning. arXiv preprint arXiv:1702.08608, 2017.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:400\">Rudin C. Stop explaining black box machine learning models for high stakes decisions and use interpretable models instead. Nature Machine Intelligence. 2019. Vol. 1. Pp. 206\u2013215.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:400\">Wang Ya., Yu W., Seligman J. Quantifier-free epistemic term-modal logic with assignment operator. Annals of Pure and Applied Logic. 2022. Vol. 173. No. 3. P. 103071. DOI: 10.1016\/j.apal.2021.103071<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:400\">Nguyen T.T., Reddi V.J. Deep reinforcement learning for cyber security. Computers &amp; Security, 2022. Vol. 113. P. 102583. DOI: 10.1109\/TNNLS.2021.3121870<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:400\">Baier C., Katoen J.-P. Principles of Model Checking. MIT Press, 2008.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:400\">Shoham Y., Leyton-Brown K. Multiagent systems: algorithmic, game-theoretic, and logical foundations. Cambridge University Press, 2009.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:400\">Bashmakov S.I., Kosheleva A.V., Rybakov V.V. Unification in temporal multi-agent logics with universal modality. Mathematics in the Modern World: Abstracts of the International Conference (August 14\u201319, 2017). Novosibirsk: IM SO RAS, 2017. P. 67. (In Russian)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:400\">Wolter F.M., Zakharyaschev M. Undecidability of the unification and admissibility problems for modal and description logics. ACM Transactions on Computational Logic. 2008.<br>Vol. 9. No. 4. P. 25.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:400\">Lyutikova L.A. Methods for improving the efficiency of neural network decision-making. Advances in Automation IV. RusAutoCon 2022. Lecture Notes in Electrical Engineering. 2023. Vol. 986. Pp. 294\u2013303. DOI: 10.1007\/978-3-031-22311-2_29<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details has-foreground-color has-text-color has-link-color has-lora-font-family has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-72964c079d77bb0aa0d0d8de3c180f4a is-layout-flow wp-container-core-details-is-layout-9ff6af70 wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\" style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:700;line-height:1.5\"><summary><strong>Information about the author<\/strong>s<\/summary>\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-vertical is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-1c18c512 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"min-height:0px;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:400\"><strong>Larisa A. Lyutikova<\/strong>, Leading Researcher, Department of Neuroinformatics and Machine Learning, Institute of Applied Mathematics and Automation \u2013 branch of the Kabardino-Balkarian Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences;<br>89 A, Shortanov street, Nalchik, 360000, Russia;<br>lylarisa@yandex.ru, ORCID: https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4941-7854, SPIN-code: 1679-7460<br><strong>Madina S. Kochkarova<\/strong>, Assistant, Department of Digital Engineering and Network Technologies, North Caucasian State Academy;<br>36, Stavropolskaya street, Cherkessk, 369001, Russia;<br>madina_kochkarova_94@mail.ru<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:400\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:400\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:400\"><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Logical and mathematical interpretation of decisions of intelligent agents L.A. Lyutikova, M.S. Kochkarova Abstract. Modern cybersecurity systems are faced with increasingly complex network architectures and a growing diversity of attack vectors. In this context, the ability of intelligent systems not only to effectively detect threats but also to rationalize their decisions is becoming increasingly important.\u0410im. [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"wp-custom-template-home","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-6055","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>27.6.11 En - \u0418\u0417\u0412\u0415\u0421\u0422\u0418\u042f \u041a\u0410\u0411\u0410\u0420\u0414\u0418\u041d\u041e-\u0411\u0410\u041b\u041a\u0410\u0420\u0421\u041a\u041e\u0413\u041e \u041d\u0410\u0423\u0427\u041d\u041e\u0413\u041e \u0426\u0415\u041d\u0422\u0420\u0410 \u0420\u0410\u041d\u00bb<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/izvestiyakbncran.ru\/index.php\/en\/27-6-11-en\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ru_RU\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"27.6.11 En - \u0418\u0417\u0412\u0415\u0421\u0422\u0418\u042f \u041a\u0410\u0411\u0410\u0420\u0414\u0418\u041d\u041e-\u0411\u0410\u041b\u041a\u0410\u0420\u0421\u041a\u041e\u0413\u041e \u041d\u0410\u0423\u0427\u041d\u041e\u0413\u041e \u0426\u0415\u041d\u0422\u0420\u0410 \u0420\u0410\u041d\u00bb\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Logical and mathematical interpretation of decisions of intelligent agents L.A. 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