{"id":6051,"date":"2026-01-21T12:01:27","date_gmt":"2026-01-21T12:01:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/izvestiyakbncran.ru\/?page_id=6051"},"modified":"2026-04-13T13:11:58","modified_gmt":"2026-04-13T12:11:58","slug":"27-6-9-en","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/izvestiyakbncran.ru\/index.php\/en\/27-6-9-en\/","title":{"rendered":"27.6.9 En"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading has-lora-font-family\" style=\"font-size:22px\"><strong>Robust modification of PSO algorithm based on M-means for solving linear regression<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-foreground-color has-text-color has-link-color has-lora-font-family has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-36fd13fda728954bc65c18b83bca4b7c\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0\"><strong>E.M. Kazakova<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-foreground-color has-text-color has-link-color has-lora-font-family has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-86b70c892ee51d64e6bf0730e3274f25\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);margin-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20)\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-24a27e19 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-lora-font-family has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-fa99f84d8051eb763ab85c3007cdb1c2\" style=\"color:#5b1919;text-decoration:underline\"><strong><strong>Upload the full text<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-vertical is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-9151b400 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"min-height:0px;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-left is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-15bf754d wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button has-custom-width wp-block-button__width-100 is-style-outline is-style-outline--1\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-background-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color has-border-color has-small-font-size has-custom-font-size wp-element-button\" href=\"http:\/\/izvestiyakbncran.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/9-kazakova.pdf\" style=\"border-color:#5b1919;border-style:solid;border-width:2px;border-radius:8px;color:#5b1919;padding-top:0.4rem;padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:0.4rem;padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">PDF<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:0px;width:0px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer wp-container-content-273e683f\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-foreground-color has-text-color has-link-color has-lora-font-family has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-a667b883de221c5d224dfaaa5351e9b4\" style=\"line-height:1.4\"><em><strong><strong>Abstract<\/strong><\/strong>. <\/em>Linear regression is a fundamental data analysis tool, but it can be greatly affected by outliers and noise, which can lead to distorted coefficients and a reduction in forecast quality. Classical heuristic PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization) and Jaya algorithms demonstrate good performance on smooth loss functions, but they are sensitive to outliers when applying the standard mean squared error (MSE). This creates a need for simple but effective modifications that would maintain global search capabilities without<br>complicating the basic algorithm&#8217;s structure.<br><strong>Aim<\/strong>. The study is to develop and subject to experimental evaluation modification of PSO algorithm (PSORobust) that ensures the robustness of linear regression to outliers without complicating the core algorithm or introducing additional hyperparameters.<br><strong>Methods<\/strong>. Algorithmic idea: to keep the standard PSO equations of motion; interfering only with the fitness function. Instead of the root mean squire loss, an M-means function based on the Huber function is used, with adaptive weights that reduce the contribution of outliers. Experiments have been conducted on synthetic data with 15 % and 25 % outliers, with the same hyperparameters for all compared algorithms and 30 independent runs. Evaluation by mean and median test errors, as well as by dispersion estimation (variance, interquartile range). Visual analysis \u2013 boxplot of error distributions and regression lines. Evaluation by mean and median test errors, as well as dispersion (variance, interquartile range).<br>Visual analysis \u2013 boxplot of error distributions and regression lines.<br><strong>Results<\/strong>. PSO-Robust consistently outperforms classic PSO and Jaya in terms of mean and median test errors. The results show a smaller spread (variance). The visual analysis confirms reduced sensitivity to outliers (more compact box plots, more consistent regression lines).<br><strong>Conclusion<\/strong>. The PSO-Robust modification demonstrates consistent superiority over the original algorithms in accuracy and robustness, producing more compact boxplots and less distorted regression lines. The proposed approach combines simplicity of implementation and robustness, increasing the reliability of regression in the case with heterogeneous data. Future developments include extending the method to multivariate and nonlinear models, as well as exploring alternative robust loss functions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-foreground-color has-text-color has-link-color has-lora-font-family has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-df03325adc83c022634de6b79d43432f\" style=\"line-height:1.4\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-foreground-color has-text-color has-link-color has-lora-font-family has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-34dad02bdfb5e1e12faf214f78731ef7\" style=\"line-height:1.4\"><strong><em><strong>Keywords<\/strong><\/em><\/strong><em>:<\/em> heuristic algorithms, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Jaya, outliers, robustness, linear regression, M-means, Huber function, optimization<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-foreground-color has-text-color has-link-color has-lora-font-family has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-df03325adc83c022634de6b79d43432f\" style=\"line-height:1.4\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-foreground-color has-text-color has-link-color has-lora-font-family wp-elements-d8170c5831fab38d97a92dcdf3afc643\" style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:1.4\"><strong><strong>For citation<\/strong>.<\/strong> Kazakova E.M. Robust modification of PSO algorithm based on M-means for solving linear regression. <em>News of the Kabardino-Balkarian Scientific Center of RAS<\/em>. 2025. Vol. 27. No. 6. Pp. 109\u2013116. DOI: 10.35330\/1991-6639-2025-27-6-109-116<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-foreground-color has-text-color has-link-color has-lora-font-family wp-elements-17c3333a0b1db39b7fa4a3e1a1572bc4\" style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:1.4\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details has-foreground-color has-text-color has-link-color has-lora-font-family has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-b2999c0596565049dd716b0c988a786c is-layout-flow wp-container-core-details-is-layout-0ab540ad wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\" style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:700;line-height:1.5\"><summary><strong>R<\/strong>eferences<\/summary>\n<ol style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0\" class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:400\">Kennedy J., Eberhart R. Particle swarm optimization. Proc. IEEE Int. Conf. on Neural Networks (ICNN). 1995. Pp. 1942\u20131948. DOI: 10.1109\/ICNN.1995.488968<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:400\">Rao R. Jaya: A simple and new optimization algorithm for solving constrained and unconstrained optimization problems. Int. J. Indus. Eng. Comput. 2016. Vol. 1. No. 7. Pp. 19\u201334.<br>DOI: 10.5267\/j.ijiec.2015.8.004<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:400\">Shibzukhov Z.M. On a robust gradient boosting scheme based on aggregation functions insensitive to outliers. Automation and Remote Control. 2022. Vol. 83. No. 10. Pp. 1619\u20131629. DOI: 10.1134\/S00051179220100149<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:400\">Shibzukhov Z.M., Dimitrichenko D.P., Kazakov M.A. The principle of minimizing empirical risk based on aggregating average loss functions for solving regression problems. Programmnye produkty i sistemy [Software Products &amp; Systems]. 2017. Vol. 30. No. 2. Pp. 180\u2013186. DOI: 10.15827\/0236-235X.030.2.180-186. (In Russian)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:400\">Zeng J., Yu X., Yang G., Gui H. Dynamic robust particle swarm optimization algorithm based on hybrid strategy. International Journal of Swarm Intelligence Research (IJSIR). 2023.<br>Vol. 14. No. 1. Pp. 1\u201314. DOI: 10.4018\/IJSIR.325006<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:400\">Garg H. A hybrid PSO\u2013GA algorithm for constrained optimization problems. Applied Mathematics and Computation. 2016. Vol. 274. Pp. 292\u2013305. DOI: 10.1016\/j.amc.2015.11.001<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:400\">\u015eenel F.A., G\u00f6k\u00e7e F., Y\u00fcksel A.S., Yigit T. A novel hybrid PSO\u2013GWO algorithm for optimization problems. Engineering with Computers. 2019. Vol. 35. Pp. 1359\u20131373. DOI:<br>10.1007\/s00366-018-0668-5<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:400\">Kang H., Li X., Shen Yo. et al. Particle swarm optimization with historical return decay enhances cooperation in public goods games with investment risks. Chaos, Solitons &amp; Fractals. Vol. 189. P. 115665. DOI: 10.1016\/j.chaos.2024.115665<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:400\">Kazakova E.M. A hybrid PSO\u2013Jaya algorithm for solving various optimization problems. Programmnaya inzheneriya [Software Engineering]. 2024. Vol. 15. No. 2. Pp. 87\u201396. DOI: 10.17587\/prin.15.87-96. (In Russian)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:400\">Huber P.J. Robust Statistics: monograph. New York: Wiley, 1981. 308 p. ISBN: 0-471-41805-6<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details has-foreground-color has-text-color has-link-color has-lora-font-family has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-8b17c0a2b79cb7c0dfeefa1ab3e47720 is-layout-flow wp-container-core-details-is-layout-5dafc681 wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\" style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:700;line-height:1.5\"><summary><strong>Information about the author<\/strong>s<\/summary>\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-vertical is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-b291ae12 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"min-height:0px;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">\n<p style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:400\"><strong>Elena M. Kazakova<\/strong>, Junior Researcher, Department of Neuroinformatics and Machine Learning, Institute of Applied Mathematics and Automation \u2013 branch of the Kabardino-Balkarian Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences;<br>89 A, Shortanov street, Nalchik, 360000, Russia;<br>shogenovae@inbox.ru, ORCID: https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5819-9396, SPIN-code: 4135-3315<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:400\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:400\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p style=\"font-style:normal;font-weight:400\"><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Robust modification of PSO algorithm based on M-means for solving linear regression E.M. Kazakova Upload the full text Abstract. Linear regression is a fundamental data analysis tool, but it can be greatly affected by outliers and noise, which can lead to distorted coefficients and a reduction in forecast quality. Classical heuristic PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization) [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"wp-custom-template-home","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-6051","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>27.6.9 En - \u0418\u0417\u0412\u0415\u0421\u0422\u0418\u042f \u041a\u0410\u0411\u0410\u0420\u0414\u0418\u041d\u041e-\u0411\u0410\u041b\u041a\u0410\u0420\u0421\u041a\u041e\u0413\u041e \u041d\u0410\u0423\u0427\u041d\u041e\u0413\u041e \u0426\u0415\u041d\u0422\u0420\u0410 \u0420\u0410\u041d\u00bb<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/izvestiyakbncran.ru\/index.php\/en\/27-6-9-en\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ru_RU\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"27.6.9 En - \u0418\u0417\u0412\u0415\u0421\u0422\u0418\u042f \u041a\u0410\u0411\u0410\u0420\u0414\u0418\u041d\u041e-\u0411\u0410\u041b\u041a\u0410\u0420\u0421\u041a\u041e\u0413\u041e \u041d\u0410\u0423\u0427\u041d\u041e\u0413\u041e \u0426\u0415\u041d\u0422\u0420\u0410 \u0420\u0410\u041d\u00bb\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Robust modification of PSO algorithm based on M-means for solving linear regression E.M. 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Kazakova Upload the full text Abstract. Linear regression is a fundamental data analysis tool, but it can be greatly affected by outliers and noise, which can lead to distorted coefficients and a reduction in forecast quality. 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