{"id":1926,"date":"2025-05-12T07:18:42","date_gmt":"2025-05-12T06:18:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/newskbncran.ru\/?page_id=1926"},"modified":"2026-03-26T10:37:06","modified_gmt":"2026-03-26T10:37:06","slug":"26-2-2-en","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/izvestiyakbncran.ru\/index.php\/en\/26-2-2-en\/","title":{"rendered":"26.2.2 en"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading has-lora-font-family\" style=\"font-size:24px\"><strong>Federated learning for IoT and AIoT: applications, challenges and perspectives<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-foreground-color has-text-color has-link-color has-lora-font-family has-medium-font-size wp-elements-d151430cc0b1f7d15e40febddee1ba23\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0\"><strong><strong>Kh.M. Eleev<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);margin-bottom:0\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-24a27e19 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-lora-font-family has-medium-font-size wp-elements-53f47014b6d7b0bdfff77f9db451e97c\" style=\"color:#5b1919;text-decoration:underline\"><strong>Upload the full text<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-vertical is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-9151b400 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"min-height:0px;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-left is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-15bf754d wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button has-custom-width wp-block-button__width-100 is-style-outline is-style-outline--1\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-background-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color has-border-color has-small-font-size has-custom-font-size wp-element-button\" href=\"http:\/\/izvestiyakbncran.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/ele-2.pdf\" style=\"border-color:#5b1919;border-style:solid;border-width:2px;border-radius:8px;color:#5b1919;padding-top:0.4rem;padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:0.4rem;padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40)\">PDF<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:0px;width:0px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer wp-container-content-273e683f\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-foreground-color has-text-color has-link-color has-lora-font-family has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-60ea7914d36effeab04af4c3c2fcbcca\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;line-height:1.4\"><strong><em>Abstract<\/em>. <\/strong>This paper discusses the concept of federated learning (FL), a distributed collaborative approach to artificial intelligence (AI) that enables AI training on distributed IoT devices without need for data sharing. Approaches and methods for implementing FL for AIoT devices have been classified into three types of federated learning architecture for organizing interactions between learning participants, centralized, decentralized, and hybrid. Approaches based on different technologies such as Knowledge Distillation, blockchain, wireless networks like Mesh, Hybrid-IoT, DHA-FL are considered. For each technology considered, the main advantages, problems and challenges are outlined. The paper sums up with conclusions about the prospects of FL development for IoT and AIoT.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-foreground-color has-text-color has-link-color has-lora-font-family has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-63bda35f784dfcadce6886a332c053d0\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;line-height:1.4\"><strong><em>Keywords<\/em>: <\/strong>Internet of things (IoT), federated learning (FL), artificial intelligence of things (AIoT), blockchain, architecture<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-foreground-color has-text-color has-link-color has-lora-font-family wp-elements-0759bc2e206a893c5aa8240c7a3dfe1f\" style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:1.4\"><strong>For &nbsp;citation<\/strong>. &nbsp;Eleev Kh.M.<strong> &nbsp;<\/strong>Federated &nbsp;learning &nbsp;for &nbsp;IoT &nbsp;and &nbsp;AIoT: &nbsp;applications, &nbsp;challenges &nbsp;and &nbsp;perspectives. <em>News &nbsp;of &nbsp;the &nbsp;Kabardino-Balkarian &nbsp;Scientific &nbsp;Center &nbsp;of &nbsp;RAS.<\/em><strong> <\/strong>2024. Vol. 26. No. 2. Pp. 26\u201333.&nbsp; DOI: 10.35330\/ 1991-6639-2024-26-2-26-33<\/p>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details has-foreground-color has-text-color has-link-color has-lora-font-family has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-95ec10b3856cac4f373e7fdc07855bad is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary><strong>References<\/strong><\/summary>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Khanna A., Kaur S. Internet of Things (IoT), Applications and challenges: a comprehensive review. Wireless Personal Communications. 2020. Vol. 114. Pp. 1687\u20131762. DOI: 10.1007\/s11277-020-07446-4<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lynn Th., Takako E.P., Maria N.A. et al. The Internet of Things: definitions, key concepts, and reference architectures. The Cloud-to-Thing. 2020. Pp. 1\u201322. DOI: 10.1109\/JIOT.2022.3229374<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Efremov M.A., Kholod I.I. Development of the architecture of a universal federated learning framework. Programmnyye produkty i sistemy [Software products and systems]. 2022. Vol. 35. No. 2. Pp. 263\u2013272. DOI: 10.15827\/0236-235X.138.263-272. (In Russian)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Latif U. Khan, Saad W., Han Z. et al. Federated learning for internet of things: recent advances, taxonomy, and open challenges. IEEE Communications Surveys &amp; Tutorials. 2021. Vol. 23. No. 3. Pp. 1759\u20131799. DOI: 10.1109\/COMST.2021.3090430<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sanchez-Iborra R. LPWAN and embedded machine learning as enablers for the next generation of wearable devices. Sensors. 2021. Vol. 21. No. 15. P. 5218. DOI: 10.3390\/s21155218<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fan B., Jiang S., Su X., Hui P. Model-heterogeneous federated learning for internet of things: enabling technologies and future directions [\u042d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441]: arXiv \u2013 CS \u2013 Distributed, Parallel and Cluster Computing, 2023. URL: https:\/\/arxiv.org\/pdf\/2312.12091.pdf (\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f: 19.01.2024).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Liu T., Ling Z., Xia J. et al. Efficient federated learning for AIoT applications using knowledge distillation. IEEE Internet of Things Journal. 2023. Vol. 10. No. 8. Pp. 7229\u20137243. DOI: 10.1109\/JIOT.2022.3229374<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Salama A., Stergioulis A., Ali Zaidi S., McLernon D. Decentralized federated learning on the edge over wireless mesh networks. IEEE Access. 2023. Vol. 11. Pp. 124709\u2013124724. DOI: 10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3329362<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Liu Y., Ai Z., Sun S. et al. FedCoin: A Peer-to-peer payment system for federated learning [\u042d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441]: arXiv, 2023. URL: https:\/\/arxiv.org\/pdf\/2002.11711.pdf (\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f: 22 \u044f\u043d\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044f, 2024).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Wu X., Wang Z., Zhao J. et al. FedBC: Blockchain-based decentralized federated learning. IEEE International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Computer Applications (ICAICA). Dalian, 2020. Pp. 217\u2013221. DOI: 10.1109\/ICAICA50127.2020.9182705<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Zhao Y., Zhao J., Jiang L. et al. Privacy-preserving blockchain-based federated learning for IoT device. EEE Internet of Things Journal. 2021. Vol. 8. No. 3. Pp. 1817\u20131829. DOI: 10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3017377<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sagirlar G., Carminati B., Ferrari E. et al. Hybrid-IoT: Hybrid blockchain architecture for internet of things \u2013 PoW sub-blockchains. IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things (iThings) and IEEE Green Computing and Communications (GreenCom) and IEEE Cyber, Physical and Social Computing (CPSCom) and IEEE Smart Data (SmartData) \/ IEEE Computer Society. Los Alamitos, 2018. Pp. 1007\u20131016. DOI: 10.1109\/Cybermatics_2018.2018.00189<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gemeliarana I.G.A.K., Sari. R.F. Evaluation of proof of work (POW) blockchains security network on selfish mining. International Seminar on Research of Information Technology and Intelligent Systems (ISRITI). Yogyakarta, 2018. Pp. 126\u2013130. DOI: 10.1109\/ISRITI.2018.8864381<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fahim S., Mahmood S., Katibur Rahman S.M. Blockchain: A Comparative study of consensus algorithms PoW, PoS, PoA, PoV. International Journal of Mathematical Sciences and Computing (IJMSC). 2023. Vol. 9. No. 3. Pp. 46\u201357. DOI: 10.5815\/ijmsc.2023.03.04<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Houston Huff W., Balakrishnan R., Hao Feng et al. DHA-FL: Enabling efficient and effective AIoT via decentralized hierarchical asynchronous federated learning. MLSys-RCLWN, Miami, 2023.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Zhang T., Gao L., He C. et al. Federated learning for internet of things: applications, challenges, and opportunities. IEEE Internet of Things Magazine, 2022. Vol. 5. No. 1. Pp. 24\u201329. DOI: 10.1109\/IOTM.004.2100182<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details has-foreground-color has-text-color has-link-color has-lora-font-family has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-d332ae02695123cdd065ce56b314b973 is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary><strong>Information about the authors<\/strong><\/summary>\n<p><strong>Hazrat-Ali M. Eleev<\/strong>, Post-graduate student, Scientific and Educational Center Kabardino-Balkarian Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences;<br>360010, Russia, Nalchik, 2 Balkarov street;<br>khazratalieleev@gmail.com, ORCID: https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1536-7917<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n<\/details>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Federated learning for IoT and AIoT: applications, challenges and perspectives Kh.M. Eleev Upload the full text Abstract. This paper discusses the concept of federated learning (FL), a distributed collaborative approach to artificial intelligence (AI) that enables AI training on distributed IoT devices without need for data sharing. Approaches and methods for implementing FL for AIoT [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1926","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>26.2.2 en - \u0418\u0417\u0412\u0415\u0421\u0422\u0418\u042f \u041a\u0410\u0411\u0410\u0420\u0414\u0418\u041d\u041e-\u0411\u0410\u041b\u041a\u0410\u0420\u0421\u041a\u041e\u0413\u041e \u041d\u0410\u0423\u0427\u041d\u041e\u0413\u041e \u0426\u0415\u041d\u0422\u0420\u0410 \u0420\u0410\u041d\u00bb<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/izvestiyakbncran.ru\/index.php\/en\/26-2-2-en\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ru_RU\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"26.2.2 en - \u0418\u0417\u0412\u0415\u0421\u0422\u0418\u042f \u041a\u0410\u0411\u0410\u0420\u0414\u0418\u041d\u041e-\u0411\u0410\u041b\u041a\u0410\u0420\u0421\u041a\u041e\u0413\u041e \u041d\u0410\u0423\u0427\u041d\u041e\u0413\u041e \u0426\u0415\u041d\u0422\u0420\u0410 \u0420\u0410\u041d\u00bb\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Federated learning for IoT and AIoT: applications, challenges and perspectives Kh.M. 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Eleev Upload the full text Abstract. This paper discusses the concept of federated learning (FL), a distributed collaborative approach to artificial intelligence (AI) that enables AI training on distributed IoT devices without need for data sharing. 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