{"id":1926,"date":"2025-05-12T07:18:42","date_gmt":"2025-05-12T06:18:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/newskbncran.ru\/?page_id=1926"},"modified":"2026-06-04T13:23:05","modified_gmt":"2026-06-04T12:23:05","slug":"26-2-2-en","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/izvestiyakbncran.ru\/index.php\/en\/26-2-2-en\/","title":{"rendered":"26.2.2 en"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h1 class=\"wp-block-heading has-lora-font-family\" style=\"font-size:22px\"><strong>Federated learning for IoT and AIoT: applications, challenges and perspectives<\/strong><\/h1>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-foreground-color has-text-color has-link-color has-lora-font-family has-medium-font-size wp-elements-d151430cc0b1f7d15e40febddee1ba23 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0\"><strong><strong>Kh.M. Eleev<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-vertical is-content-justification-left is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-20193d73 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"border-style:none;border-width:0px;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0\">\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-lora-font-family wp-elements-1934a6274ad67c2dd8d97ce7471e2bbb wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"color:#5b1919;font-size:12px;text-decoration:underline\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-horizontal is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-9076828a wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"min-height:0px;margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-content-justification-left is-layout-flex wp-container-core-buttons-is-layout-856cf56e wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button has-custom-width wp-block-button__width-100 is-style-outline is-style-outline--1\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-background-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color has-border-color has-custom-font-size wp-element-button\" href=\"http:\/\/izvestiyakbncran.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/2.-ele-2.pdf\" style=\"border-color:#5b1919;border-style:solid;border-width:2px;border-radius:8px;color:#5b1919;padding-top:0.4rem;padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:0.4rem;padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);font-size:12px\">PDF<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div style=\"height:0px;width:0px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer wp-container-content-273e683f\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-button has-custom-width wp-block-button__width-100 is-style-outline is-style-outline--2\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link has-background-background-color has-text-color has-background has-link-color has-border-color has-text-align-center has-custom-font-size wp-element-button\" href=\"http:\/\/izvestiyakbncran.ru\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/2.-ele.xml\" style=\"border-color:#5b1919;border-width:2px;border-top-left-radius:8px;border-top-right-radius:8px;border-bottom-left-radius:8px;border-bottom-right-radius:8px;color:#5b1919;padding-top:0.4rem;padding-right:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);padding-bottom:0.4rem;padding-left:var(--wp--preset--spacing--40);font-size:12px\">JATS XML<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-text-color has-link-color has-lora-font-family has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-41ee428b6a5740c7f514a7432ff786a3 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"border-style:none;border-width:0px;border-top-left-radius:0px;border-top-right-radius:0px;border-bottom-left-radius:0px;border-bottom-right-radius:0px;color:#5b1919;margin-top:0;margin-right:0;margin-bottom:0;margin-left:0;padding-top:0;padding-right:0;padding-bottom:0;padding-left:0\"><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-wide\" style=\"margin-top:var(--wp--preset--spacing--20);margin-bottom:0\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-foreground-color has-text-color has-link-color has-lora-font-family has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-60ea7914d36effeab04af4c3c2fcbcca wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;line-height:1.4\"><strong><em>Abstract<\/em>. <\/strong>This paper discusses the concept of federated learning (FL), a distributed collaborative approach to artificial intelligence (AI) that enables AI training on distributed IoT devices without need for data sharing. Approaches and methods for implementing FL for AIoT devices have been classified into three types of federated learning architecture for organizing interactions between learning participants, centralized, decentralized, and hybrid. Approaches based on different technologies such as Knowledge Distillation, blockchain, wireless networks like Mesh, Hybrid-IoT, DHA-FL are considered. For each technology considered, the main advantages, problems and challenges are outlined. The paper sums up with conclusions about the prospects of FL development for IoT and AIoT.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-foreground-color has-text-color has-link-color has-lora-font-family has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-63bda35f784dfcadce6886a332c053d0 wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"margin-top:0;margin-bottom:0;padding-top:0;padding-bottom:0;line-height:1.4\"><strong><em>Keywords<\/em>: <\/strong>Internet of things (IoT), federated learning (FL), artificial intelligence of things (AIoT), blockchain, architecture<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-foreground-color has-text-color has-link-color has-lora-font-family wp-elements-0759bc2e206a893c5aa8240c7a3dfe1f wp-block-paragraph\" style=\"font-size:12px;line-height:1.4\"><strong>For &nbsp;citation<\/strong>. &nbsp;Eleev Kh.M.<strong> &nbsp;<\/strong>Federated &nbsp;learning &nbsp;for &nbsp;IoT &nbsp;and &nbsp;AIoT: &nbsp;applications, &nbsp;challenges &nbsp;and &nbsp;perspectives. <em>News &nbsp;of &nbsp;the &nbsp;Kabardino-Balkarian &nbsp;Scientific &nbsp;Center &nbsp;of &nbsp;RAS.<\/em><strong> <\/strong>2024. Vol. 26. No. 2. Pp. 26\u201333.&nbsp; DOI: 10.35330\/ 1991-6639-2024-26-2-26-33<\/p>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details has-foreground-color has-text-color has-link-color has-lora-font-family has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-95ec10b3856cac4f373e7fdc07855bad is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary><strong>References<\/strong><\/summary>\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Khanna A., Kaur S. Internet of Things (IoT), Applications and challenges: a comprehensive review. Wireless Personal Communications. 2020. Vol. 114. Pp. 1687\u20131762. DOI: 10.1007\/s11277-020-07446-4<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Lynn Th., Takako E.P., Maria N.A. et al. The Internet of Things: definitions, key concepts, and reference architectures. The Cloud-to-Thing. 2020. Pp. 1\u201322. DOI: 10.1109\/JIOT.2022.3229374<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Efremov M.A., Kholod I.I. Development of the architecture of a universal federated learning framework. Programmnyye produkty i sistemy [Software products and systems]. 2022. Vol. 35. No. 2. Pp. 263\u2013272. DOI: 10.15827\/0236-235X.138.263-272. (In Russian)<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Latif U. Khan, Saad W., Han Z. et al. Federated learning for internet of things: recent advances, taxonomy, and open challenges. IEEE Communications Surveys &amp; Tutorials. 2021. Vol. 23. No. 3. Pp. 1759\u20131799. DOI: 10.1109\/COMST.2021.3090430<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sanchez-Iborra R. LPWAN and embedded machine learning as enablers for the next generation of wearable devices. Sensors. 2021. Vol. 21. No. 15. P. 5218. DOI: 10.3390\/s21155218<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fan B., Jiang S., Su X., Hui P. Model-heterogeneous federated learning for internet of things: enabling technologies and future directions [\u042d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441]: arXiv \u2013 CS \u2013 Distributed, Parallel and Cluster Computing, 2023. URL: https:\/\/arxiv.org\/pdf\/2312.12091.pdf (\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f: 19.01.2024).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Liu T., Ling Z., Xia J. et al. Efficient federated learning for AIoT applications using knowledge distillation. IEEE Internet of Things Journal. 2023. Vol. 10. No. 8. Pp. 7229\u20137243. DOI: 10.1109\/JIOT.2022.3229374<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Salama A., Stergioulis A., Ali Zaidi S., McLernon D. Decentralized federated learning on the edge over wireless mesh networks. IEEE Access. 2023. Vol. 11. Pp. 124709\u2013124724. DOI: 10.1109\/ACCESS.2023.3329362<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Liu Y., Ai Z., Sun S. et al. FedCoin: A Peer-to-peer payment system for federated learning [\u042d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0440\u0435\u0441\u0443\u0440\u0441]: arXiv, 2023. URL: https:\/\/arxiv.org\/pdf\/2002.11711.pdf (\u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f: 22 \u044f\u043d\u0432\u0430\u0440\u044f, 2024).<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Wu X., Wang Z., Zhao J. et al. FedBC: Blockchain-based decentralized federated learning. IEEE International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Computer Applications (ICAICA). Dalian, 2020. Pp. 217\u2013221. DOI: 10.1109\/ICAICA50127.2020.9182705<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Zhao Y., Zhao J., Jiang L. et al. Privacy-preserving blockchain-based federated learning for IoT device. EEE Internet of Things Journal. 2021. Vol. 8. No. 3. Pp. 1817\u20131829. DOI: 10.1109\/JIOT.2020.3017377<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Sagirlar G., Carminati B., Ferrari E. et al. Hybrid-IoT: Hybrid blockchain architecture for internet of things \u2013 PoW sub-blockchains. IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things (iThings) and IEEE Green Computing and Communications (GreenCom) and IEEE Cyber, Physical and Social Computing (CPSCom) and IEEE Smart Data (SmartData) \/ IEEE Computer Society. Los Alamitos, 2018. Pp. 1007\u20131016. DOI: 10.1109\/Cybermatics_2018.2018.00189<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Gemeliarana I.G.A.K., Sari. R.F. Evaluation of proof of work (POW) blockchains security network on selfish mining. International Seminar on Research of Information Technology and Intelligent Systems (ISRITI). Yogyakarta, 2018. Pp. 126\u2013130. DOI: 10.1109\/ISRITI.2018.8864381<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Fahim S., Mahmood S., Katibur Rahman S.M. Blockchain: A Comparative study of consensus algorithms PoW, PoS, PoA, PoV. International Journal of Mathematical Sciences and Computing (IJMSC). 2023. Vol. 9. No. 3. Pp. 46\u201357. DOI: 10.5815\/ijmsc.2023.03.04<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Houston Huff W., Balakrishnan R., Hao Feng et al. DHA-FL: Enabling efficient and effective AIoT via decentralized hierarchical asynchronous federated learning. MLSys-RCLWN, Miami, 2023.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Zhang T., Gao L., He C. et al. Federated learning for internet of things: applications, challenges, and opportunities. IEEE Internet of Things Magazine, 2022. Vol. 5. No. 1. Pp. 24\u201329. DOI: 10.1109\/IOTM.004.2100182<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n<\/details>\n\n\n\n<details class=\"wp-block-details has-foreground-color has-text-color has-link-color has-lora-font-family has-extra-small-font-size wp-elements-d332ae02695123cdd065ce56b314b973 is-layout-flow wp-block-details-is-layout-flow\"><summary><strong>Information about the authors<\/strong><\/summary>\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Hazrat-Ali M. Eleev<\/strong>, Post-graduate student, Scientific and Educational Center Kabardino-Balkarian Scientific Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences;<br>360010, Russia, Nalchik, 2 Balkarov street;<br>khazratalieleev@gmail.com, ORCID: https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1536-7917<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><\/p>\n<\/details>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Federated learning for IoT and AIoT: applications, challenges and perspectives Kh.M. Eleev Abstract. This paper discusses the concept of federated learning (FL), a distributed collaborative approach to artificial intelligence (AI) that enables AI training on distributed IoT devices without need for data sharing. Approaches and methods for implementing FL for AIoT devices have been classified [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1926","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.8 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>26.2.2 en - \u0418\u0417\u0412\u0415\u0421\u0422\u0418\u042f \u041a\u0410\u0411\u0410\u0420\u0414\u0418\u041d\u041e-\u0411\u0410\u041b\u041a\u0410\u0420\u0421\u041a\u041e\u0413\u041e \u041d\u0410\u0423\u0427\u041d\u041e\u0413\u041e \u0426\u0415\u041d\u0422\u0420\u0410 \u0420\u0410\u041d\u00bb<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/izvestiyakbncran.ru\/index.php\/en\/26-2-2-en\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"ru_RU\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"26.2.2 en - \u0418\u0417\u0412\u0415\u0421\u0422\u0418\u042f \u041a\u0410\u0411\u0410\u0420\u0414\u0418\u041d\u041e-\u0411\u0410\u041b\u041a\u0410\u0420\u0421\u041a\u041e\u0413\u041e \u041d\u0410\u0423\u0427\u041d\u041e\u0413\u041e \u0426\u0415\u041d\u0422\u0420\u0410 \u0420\u0410\u041d\u00bb\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Federated learning for IoT and AIoT: applications, challenges and perspectives Kh.M. 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