Development and modeling of a robotic microclimate control system for biotechnological applications

U.R. Takhaev, M.R. Isaeva, A.A-V. Sadulaev, A.I. Nasukhanov

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Abstract: The relevance of this study is related to the development of agricultural robotics and autonomous systems for biotechnology, where precise control of environmental parameters is critical. Creating an optimal climate is essential for the efficient operation of a greenhouse complex during the winter and the production of a good harvest, even under ideal sealed conditions.
Aim. The study is to develop an autonomous robotic microclimate control system with stage-by-stage adaptive control, diagnostics, and remote interaction functions based on an affordable microcontroller platform.
The research methods include hardware testing on a physical prototype (ESP8266 controller, SCD40 sensor, actuators), software data monitoring via a REST API at 6-second intervals, and a test protocol for the humidity, CO₂ (relay control), and temperature (PID controller) circuits. Data processing was performed in JavaScript with the ability to visualize in MATLAB, Python, or Excel.
Results. An autonomous microclimate control system based on the ESP8266 microcontroller, implementing stage-by-stage adaptive control and remote monitoring, have been developed and tested. The effectiveness of the key algorithms have been experimentally confirmed: relay control ensures reliable reduction of excess humidity and CO₂ concentration, while the implementation of a PID controller enables smooth and precise temperature control without overshoot. The obtained data identified areas for optimization, such as taking into account thermal inertia to improve the algorithms and refining the design to increase energy efficiency, confirming the practical value of the system as a ready-made, cost-effective, and scalable solution for precision agriculture and biotechnology.

Keywords: robotic complex, microclimate control, biotechnology, autonomous system, ESP8266, precision agriculture, and intelligent control

For citation. Takhaev U.R., Isaeva M.R., Sadulaev A.A-V., Nasukhanov A.I. Development and modeling of a robotic microclimate control system for biotechnological applications. News of the Kabardino-Balkarian Scientific Center of RAS. 2026. Vol. 28. No. 1. Pp. 57–74. DOI: 10.35330/1991-6639-2026-28-1-57-74

©   Takhaev U.R., Isaeva M.R., Sadulaev A.A-V., Nasukhanov A.I., 2026

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Information about the authors

Usam R. Takhaev, Postgraduate Student, Department of Automation of Technological Processes and Production, Grozny State Oil Technical University named after academician M.D. Millionshchikov;
100, Isaev avenue, Grozny, 364051, Russia;
takhaev.usam@bk.ru, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2931-0099, SPIN-code: 4551-8286
Madina R. Isaeva, Candidate of Technical Sciences, Associate Professor, Head of the Department of Automation of Technological Processes and Production, Grozny State Oil Technical University named after academician M.D. Millionshchikov;
100, Isaev avenue, Grozny, 364051, Russia;
atppdissovet@mail.ru, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3068-9482, SPIN-code: 7791-1120
Ayub A.-V. Sadulaev, Assistant Professor, Department of Automation of Technological Processes and Production, Grozny State Oil Technical University named after academician M.D. Millionshchikov;
100, Isaev avenue, Grozny, 364051, Russia;
akhmed.nasukhanov@gmail.com, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7072-1424, SPIN-code: 9593-4929
Ahmed I. Nasuhanov, Senior Laboratory Assistant, Department of Automation of Technological Processes and Production, Grozny State Oil Technical University named after academician M.D. Millionshchikov;
100, Isaev avenue, Grozny, 364051, Russia;
akhmed.nasukhanov@gmail.com, ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0000-7723-9464, SPIN-code: 4823-6877

Funding

The study was performed without external funding.