1991-6639 2949-1940 Известия Кабардино-Балкарского научного центра РАН NEWS OF THE KABARDINO-BALKARIAN SCIENTIFIC CENTER OF RAS КБНЦ РАН 10.35330/1991-6639-2026-28-3-84-95 VIJDOE https://izvestiyakbncran.ru/index.php/28-3-6/ СИСТЕМНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ, УПРАВЛЕНИЕ И ОБРАБОТКА ИНФОРМАЦИИ, СТАТИСТИК SYSTEM ANALYSIS, MANAGEMENT AND INFORMATION PROCESSING , STATISTICS Анализ используемых технологий межмодульного взаимодействия в одноплатных многопроцессорных системах Analysis of inter-module communication technologies in single-board multiprocessor systems Смирнов Александр Владиславович Смирнов Александр Владиславович Smirnov Alexander V. aleksandr.smirnov@klgtu.ru 0009-0007-3580-3814 Калининградский государственный технический университет (г. Калининград, Россия) Kaliningrad State Technical University (Kaliningrad, Russia) 22 06 2026 2026 28 3 84 95 29 12 2025 11 06 2026 Смирнов А. В. 2026 Смирнов А. В. Smirnov A.V. CC BY 4.0 https://izvestiyakbncran.ru/index.php/28-3-6/

Многопроцессорные системы используются для обеспечения вычислений во многих областях науки, однако их эффективность во многом зависит от того, как эти модули взаимодействуют друг с другом. Цель исследования – провести обзор современного состояния и анализ используемых технологий межмодульного взаимодействия в одноплатных многопроцессорных системах, выявить тенденции их развития и использования, а также их ограничения. Результаты. В данной работе был проведен комплексный анализ современного состояния и тенденций развития одноплатных вычислительных систем. Сделаны обзор и сравнение протоколов и моделей коммуникации, используемых для организации взаимодействия между одноплатными вычислительными системами. Также приведено описание дальнейших исследований по этой теме. Заключение. Анализ показал, что существующее разнообразие архитектур процессоров и технологий организации межмодульного взаимодействия не позволяет выбрать некое одно универсальное решение, и выбор конкретного решения зависит от множества факторов, таких как необходимая задержка, пропускная способность, уровень безопасности сети, и всегда предполагает поиск компромисса для конкретной задачи.

Multiprocessor systems are extensively used for scientific computing, yet their efficiency depends significantly on the mechanisms of inter-module interaction. Aim. The study aims to review and analyze inter-module communication technologies in single-board multiprocessor systems, identifying their development trends, application scopes, and limitations. Results. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the current state and development trends of single-board computing systems. It also includes a detailed benchmark of communication models and protocols designed for efficient interconnection between single-board computing systems. Further research on this topic is also described. Conclusion. The analysis confirms that the extensive variety of processor architectures and intermodule communication technologies does not allow for a single universal solution. The selection of a specific solution relies on numerous factors, such as target latency, throughput, and network security, and invariably involves achieving a compromise for a given application.

 Ключевые слова межмодульное взаимодействие многопроцессорные системы одноплатные вычислительные системы Keywords inter-module communication multiprocessor systems single-board computing systems Исследование проведено без спонсорской поддержки. The study was performed without external funding. Ossont S.J., Basford P.J., Perkins C.S. et al. Commodity single board computer clusters and their applications. Future Generation Computer Systems. 2018. Vol. 89. No. 2. Pp. 201–212. DOI: 10.1016/j.future.2018.06.048 Lombardi F., Recchia A. On abstract machines security and performance. Procedia Computer Science. 2024. Vol. 231. Pp. 111–118. DOI: 10.1016/j.procs.2023.12.182 Gul F.A.I., Tudose D., Ţurcanu T. A versatile IoT development board for environmental sensing and biometric applications. 23rd RoEduNet Conference: Networking in Education and Research (RoEduNet). IEEE, 2024. Pp. 1–6. DOI: 10.1109/RoEduNet64292.2024.10722601 Pajkos J. et al. Esp32 microcontroller based lightweight tls 1.3 client for iot applications. 35th International Conference Radioelektronika (RADIOELEKTRONIKA). IEEE, 2025. Pp. 1–6. DOI: 10.1109/RADIOEEKTRONIKA65656.2025.11008381 Mota A., Serodio C., Sá A.B., Valente A. Implementation of an Internet of Things architecture to monitor indoor air quality: a case study during sleep periods. Sensors. 2025. Vol. 25. No. 6. Art. 1683. DOI: 10.3390/s25061683 Dinari H. Inter-process communication (IPC) in distributed environments: An investigation and performance analysis of some middleware technologies. International Journal of Modern Education and Computer Science. 2020. Vol. 11. No. 2. P. 36. DOI: 10.5815/ijmecs.2020.02.05 Laguna I., Marshall R., Mohror K. et al. A large-scale study of MPI usage in open-source HPC applications. Proceedings of the International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis. 2019. Pp. 1–14. DOI: 10.1145/3295500.3356176 Zhou H. et al. MPI progress for all. SC24-W: Workshops of the International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis. IEEE, 2024. Pp. 425–435. DOI: 10.1109/SCW63240.2024.00063 Misbahuddin S., Ibrahim M.M., Mahmoud A. et al. Automatic patients' vital sign monitoring by Single Board Computer (SBC) Based MPI Cluster. 2nd International Conference on Computer Applications & Information Security (ICCAIS). IEEE, 2019. Pp. 1–5. DOI: 10.1109/CAIS.2019.8769551 Birrell A.D., Nelson B.J. Implementing remote procedure calls. ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS). 1984. Vol. 2. No. 1. Pp. 39–59. DOI: 10.1145/2080.357392 Seemakhupt K., Stephens B.E., Khan S. et al. A cloud-scale characterization of remote procedure calls. Proceedings of the 29th Symposium on Operating Systems Principles. 2023. Pp. 498–514. DOI: 10.1145/3600006.3613156 Fu G., Zhang Y., Yu G. A fair comparison of message queuing systems. IEEE Access. 2020. Vol. 9. Pp. 421–432. 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IEEE International Conference on Smart Information Systems and Technologies (SIST). IEEE, 2023. Pp. 1–6. DOI: 10.1109/SIST58284.2023.10223585 Eridani D., Rochim A.F., Cesara F.N. Comparative performance study of ESP-NOW, Wi-Fi, bluetooth protocols based on range, transmission speed, latency, energy usage and barrier resistance. International Seminar on Application for Technology of Information and Communication (iSemantic). IEEE, 2021. Pp. 322–328. DOI: 10.1109/iSemantic52711.2021.9573246 Becker B., Oberli Ch., Zobel J. et al. ESP-NOW performance in outdoor environments: Field experiments and analysis. 20th Wireless On-Demand Network Systems and Services Conference (WONS). IEEE, 2025. Pp. 1–8. Wang X. et al. SPARC-LoRa: A scalable, power-efficient, affordable, reliable, and cloud service-enabled LoRa networking system for agriculture applications. IEEE International Symposium on Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN). IEEE, 2024. Pp. 151–156. DOI: 10.1109/DySPAN60163.2024.10632833 Flores-Cortez O., Cortez R., González B. Design and implementation of an IoT based LPG and CO gases monitoring system. Computer Science; Information Technology – AIRCC Publishing Corporation, 2021. Pp. 31–39. DOI: 10.5121/csit.2021.110803 Jenhani Z., Bensalem M., Dizdarevic J. et al. An experimental study of split-learning TinyML on Ultra-Low-Power Edge/IoT Nodes. arXiv e-prints. 2025. DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2507.16594 Scionti A., Savio P., Lubrano F. et al. Runtime energy monitoring for RISC-V Soft-Cores. International Conference on Complex, Intelligent, and Software Intensive Systems. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. Pp. 283–292. DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2509.26065 Srivani K.S., Girish B.S. et al. An SBC-based controller and processor for the laboratory model of PRATUSH digital receiver. Experimental Astronomy. 2025. Vol. 60. No. 1. P. 1. DOI: 10.1007/s10686-025-10013-z Yamuna S., George S.N. An IoT based active building surveillance system using Raspberry Pi and NodeMCU. arXiv e-prints. 2020. DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2001.11340 Aghenta L.O., Iqbal T. Design and implementation of a low-cost, open source IoT-based SCADA system using ESP32 with OLED, ThingsBoard and MQTT protocol. 2019. DOI: 10.3934/ElectrEng.2020.1.57 Ossont S.J., Basford P.J., Perkins C.S. et al. Commodity single board computer clusters and their applications. Future Generation Computer Systems. 2018. Vol. 89. No. 2. Pp. 201–212. DOI: 10.1016/j.future.2018.06.048 Lombardi F., Recchia A. On abstract machines security and performance. Procedia Computer Science. 2024. Vol. 231. Pp. 111–118. DOI: 10.1016/j.procs.2023.12.182 Gul F.A.I., Tudose D., Ţurcanu T. A versatile IoT development board for environmental sensing and biometric applications. 23rd RoEduNet Conference: Networking in Education and Research (RoEduNet). IEEE, 2024. Pp. 1–6. DOI: 10.1109/RoEduNet64292.2024.10722601 Pajkos J. et al. Esp32 microcontroller based lightweight tls 1.3 client for iot applications. 35th International Conference Radioelektronika (RADIOELEKTRONIKA). IEEE, 2025. Pp. 1–6. DOI: 10.1109/RADIOEEKTRONIKA65656.2025.11008381 Mota A., Serodio C., Sá A.B., Valente A. Implementation of an Internet of Things architecture to monitor indoor air quality: a case study during sleep periods. Sensors. 2025. Vol. 25. No. 6. Art. 1683. DOI: 10.3390/s25061683 Dinari H. Inter-process communication (IPC) in distributed environments: An investigation and performance analysis of some middleware technologies. International Journal of Modern Education and Computer Science. 2020. Vol. 11. No. 2. P. 36. DOI: 10.5815/ijmecs.2020.02.05 Laguna I., Marshall R., Mohror K. et al. A large-scale study of MPI usage in open-source HPC applications. Proceedings of the International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis. 2019. Pp. 1–14. DOI: 10.1145/3295500.3356176 Zhou H. et al. MPI progress for all. SC24-W: Workshops of the International Conference for High Performance Computing, Networking, Storage and Analysis. IEEE, 2024. Pp. 425–435. DOI: 10.1109/SCW63240.2024.00063 Misbahuddin S., Ibrahim M.M., Mahmoud A. et al. Automatic patients' vital sign monitoring by Single Board Computer (SBC) Based MPI Cluster. 2nd International Conference on Computer Applications & Information Security (ICCAIS). IEEE, 2019. Pp. 1–5. DOI: 10.1109/CAIS.2019.8769551 Birrell A.D., Nelson B.J. Implementing remote procedure calls. ACM Transactions on Computer Systems (TOCS). 1984. Vol. 2. No. 1. Pp. 39–59. DOI: 10.1145/2080.357392 Seemakhupt K., Stephens B.E., Khan S. et al. A cloud-scale characterization of remote procedure calls. Proceedings of the 29th Symposium on Operating Systems Principles. 2023. Pp. 498–514. DOI: 10.1145/3600006.3613156 Fu G., Zhang Y., Yu G. A fair comparison of message queuing systems. IEEE Access. 2020. Vol. 9. Pp. 421–432. DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3046503 Soni D., Makwana A. A survey on mqtt: a protocol of internet of things (iot). International Conference on Telecommunication, Power Analysis and Computing Techniques (ICTPACT-2017). 2017. Vol. 20. No. April, 2017. Serepas F., Papias I., Christakis K. et al. Lightweight embedded IoT gateway for smart homes based on an ESP32 microcontroller. Computers. 2025. Vol. 14. No. 9. P. 391. DOI: 10.3390/computers14090391 Dinculeană D., Cheng X. Vulnerabilities and limitations of MQTT protocol used between IoT devices. Applied Sciences. 2019. Vol. 9. No. 5. P. 848. DOI: 10.3390/app9050848 Yassein M.B., Shatnawi M.Q., Aljwarneh S. et al. Internet of Things: survey and open issues of MQTT protocol. International Conference on Engineering & MIS (ICEMIS). IEEE, 2017. Pp. 1–6. DOI: 10.1109/ICEMIS.2017.8273112 Urazayev D., Eduard A., Ahsan M. et al. Indoor performance evaluation of esp-now. IEEE International Conference on Smart Information Systems and Technologies (SIST). IEEE, 2023. Pp. 1–6. DOI: 10.1109/SIST58284.2023.10223585 Eridani D., Rochim A.F., Cesara F.N. Comparative performance study of ESP-NOW, Wi-Fi, bluetooth protocols based on range, transmission speed, latency, energy usage and barrier resistance. International Seminar on Application for Technology of Information and Communication (iSemantic). IEEE, 2021. Pp. 322–328. DOI: 10.1109/iSemantic52711.2021.9573246 Becker B., Oberli Ch., Zobel J. et al. ESP-NOW performance in outdoor environments: Field experiments and analysis. 20th Wireless On-Demand Network Systems and Services Conference (WONS). IEEE, 2025. Pp. 1–8. Wang X. et al. SPARC-LoRa: A scalable, power-efficient, affordable, reliable, and cloud service-enabled LoRa networking system for agriculture applications. IEEE International Symposium on Dynamic Spectrum Access Networks (DySPAN). IEEE, 2024. Pp. 151–156. DOI: 10.1109/DySPAN60163.2024.10632833 Flores-Cortez O., Cortez R., González B. Design and implementation of an IoT based LPG and CO gases monitoring system. Computer Science; Information Technology – AIRCC Publishing Corporation, 2021. Pp. 31–39. DOI: 10.5121/csit.2021.110803 Jenhani Z., Bensalem M., Dizdarevic J. et al. An experimental study of split-learning TinyML on Ultra-Low-Power Edge/IoT Nodes. arXiv e-prints. 2025. DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2507.16594 Scionti A., Savio P., Lubrano F. et al. Runtime energy monitoring for RISC-V Soft-Cores. International Conference on Complex, Intelligent, and Software Intensive Systems. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2025. Pp. 283–292. DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2509.26065 Srivani K.S., Girish B.S. et al. An SBC-based controller and processor for the laboratory model of PRATUSH digital receiver. Experimental Astronomy. 2025. Vol. 60. No. 1. P. 1. DOI: 10.1007/s10686-025-10013-z Yamuna S., George S.N. An IoT based active building surveillance system using Raspberry Pi and NodeMCU. arXiv e-prints. 2020. DOI: 10.48550/arXiv.2001.11340 Aghenta L.O., Iqbal T. Design and implementation of a low-cost, open source IoT-based SCADA system using ESP32 with OLED, ThingsBoard and MQTT protocol. 2019. DOI: 10.3934/ElectrEng.2020.1.57